基于玉米播深控制的农田地形模拟系统设计与试验

开展了玉米播种单体试验台用仿形机构研究，设计了一种可适用于地形上下起伏和地形倾斜的农田地形模拟系统。系统由地形模拟机构、液压系统、电控系统等组成。重点对地形模拟机构进行数学建模，得出了被仿形地形倾斜角与液压缸伸缩的几何关系，并计算确定了地形模拟机构机械尺寸参数。对液压缸进行受力分析，在此基础上对仿形机构的液压系统参数进行了理论计算，确定了液压系统参数，集成电控系统形成了农田地形模拟系统。对农田模拟系统进行了地形模拟试验，在2.0m/s作业速度下高程模拟误差平均值为1.61mm，坡度模拟误差平均值为0.56°。试验结果表明，农田地形模拟系统对地形高程和坡度模拟的快速性和准确性能满足农田地形模拟的要求，为播种播深控制系统试验提供了试验平台。     

Crop yields and N losses tradeoffs in a garlic–wheat rotation in southern Spain

The CropSyst model was parameterized and verified for garlic with data from six field experiments carried out in southern Spain from 2008 to 2011. The model simulated well crop dry matter production, N uptake, and yield from field plots with different N fertilization treatments. A garlic–wheat rotation was then simulated for a 30-year period to evaluate the role of wheat after garlic as a catch crop that utilizes and reduces the loss of residual soil N left at the time of garlic harvest. The scenarios studied were the combination of seven rates of mineral N fertilization in garlic (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kgN/ha) and three rates in wheat (30, 70 and 110 kgN/ha). Fertilization rates of 150 kgN/ha in garlic and 70 kgN/ha in wheat were found to provide the best tradeoff between N loss reductions (N leaching and N gas emissions) while attaining near-maximum yields. Increasing fertilization to 200 and 110 kgN/ha for garlic and wheat, respectively, rates not atypical in the region, had a minimum effect on yields but increased average N losses over the rotation by 19 kgN/ha/2-year (29%). Further reductions of N losses by decreasing N fertilization below the best tradeoff point are possible at the expense of crop yield.     

禽流感疫区蛋鸡养殖户经济损失评价及其补偿强度分析——以宁夏中卫沙坡区为例

为评估疫区养殖户的经济损失,分析补偿政策对养殖户损失的支持强度,制定合理的疫情补偿标准提供理论和实证依据,利用宁夏中卫禽流感疫区的微观调研数据,建立蛋鸡养殖户经济损失评价模型,进而评价疫区散养户和规模养殖户的经济损失及其补偿政策支持强度。结果表明:禽流感疫情给疫区蛋鸡养殖户造成的间接经济损失大于直接经济损失;疫区蛋鸡养殖户遭受的经济损失因蛋鸡月龄而异,5个月的蛋鸡给养殖户带来的经济损失最大;疫区蛋鸡养殖户遭受的经济损失因其饲养方式而异,规模养殖户遭受的经济损失相对较大;国家和宁夏疫情补偿标准仅能弥补疫区蛋鸡散养户和规模养殖户经济损失的24.64%、20.94%和26.29%、22.02%,补偿强度不足,补偿标准的满意度较低。政府一方面要完善蛋鸡养殖户疫情损失构成,提高疫情补偿额度;另一方面要考虑蛋鸡月龄和养殖户的饲养方式,制定差异化的补偿标准。     

Long-term perennial weed control strategies: Economic analyses and yield effect in hazelnut (Corylus avellana)

Weeds limit hazelnut productivity through competition and interference. Field experiments were conducted from spring 2010 through 2013 to evaluate string trimming alone or combined with herbicides in hazelnut orchards to control mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.), and burning nettle (Urtica urens L.). Treatments were mowing with a string trimmer (ST) alone, or ST followed by glyphosate, glyphosate + diflufenican, and glyphosate + carfentrazone-ethyl. These combinations also were applied with pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen as pre-emergence applications. The experiments were conducted in Fatsa-Ordu, Turkey, on a sandy clay soil with multi-stemmed trees (ocak). The combination treatments improved weed control compared to ST alone. Glyphosate plus carfentrazone-ethyl application 15 days after ST was the most effective treatment for control of these weeds. This combination was more effective in reducing seed bank reserves of A. vulgaris, C. rotundus and U. urens than herbicides applied alone or in mixtures throughout all seasons. Hazelnut yield was not significantly affected by herbicide treatments in 2010 or 2011. Hazelnut yield increased during the latter half of the experimental period, in 2012 and 2013. In a mixed population of A. vulgaris, C. rotundus and U. urens, 89 plants per m² caused 12.1% yield loss. When the density increased to 256 plants per m², yield losses increased to 29.7%. Hazelnut treated with ST followed by glyphosate plus carfentrazone-ethyl had the highest financial return. Post-emergence weed management systems in hazelnut should include ST followed by glyphosate plus carfentrazone-ethyl applications for maximum returns.     

刺萼龙葵对中国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失评估

为了更加全面地预见和了解刺萼龙葵的入侵危害,本研究在收集、分析国内外相关资料的基础上,采用@RISK软件和蒙特卡洛随机模拟方法,建立了刺萼龙葵对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失评估模型,从直接经济损失和防治费用2个方面进行了评估。评估结果显示,刺萼龙葵可能对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失总值在29.37~350.83亿元,损失率在0.83%~8.92%。     

耕深均匀性的拖拉机电控液压悬挂系统

耕深均匀性是拖拉机作业过程中一个重要的衡量指标,为此提出了一种耕深均匀性的拖拉机电子液压悬挂系统的控制方法。首先介绍了该系统的结构组成及耕深控制原理,然后建立了系统的物理模型,并分析了耕深值和提升臂转角存在的关系,以便利用提升臂转角来间接测量实际的耕深值。以设定的耕深值为输入,实际耕深值为负反馈,采用PID控制算法对该系统的耕深控制过程进行了仿真分析,实现了在线校正实际耕深与设定值的偏差。最后,通过田间试验分别验证了156mm耕深值和200mm耕深值的控制过程,证明了该控制方法的可行性。结果表明:提出的控制方法能够保证耕作过程中耕深的均匀性,也大大降低了驾驶员的操作强度。     

地下粮仓塑料-混凝土防水体系抗水压试验

地下粮仓具有节能、节地、低温和绿色环保等优点，但由于地下水的影响，防水防潮一直是安全储粮的技术难题，为此提出以聚丙烯塑料（Polypropylene Plastic，PP）作为内衬材料的塑料-混凝土防水体系，其中，塑料板与混凝土采用塑料栓钉连接。考虑不同栓钉间距200、300和400 mm，设计制作了3个用于地下粮仓的塑料-混凝土水压试件，进行了水压加载试验，分析了塑料构件在水压作用下形态、破环机理、内力和变形。试验结果表明：在水压作用下，塑料板内应力和位移都随水压的增大而增大，节点位置承受较大拉力且应力最大值分布不均，跨中位置承受应力较小且最大值分布均匀；塑料板内跨中位置的位移值随水压增大呈线性增加，节点位置的位移值变化较小。在试验分析的基础上，在10 mm厚塑料板和给定连接节点条件下，提出了塑料-混凝土防水体系优化设计措施，塑料-混凝土防水体系达到水压承载力时其破坏模式随栓钉间距的变化而不同，在栓钉间距为200 mm时，其水压承载力达到180 kPa时发生节点焊缝强度破环，此类构件可通过增强节点处焊缝强度提高塑料构件的整体水压承载力；在栓钉间距为300 mm时，其水压承载力达到80 kPa时发生塑料板破环，此类构件可通过增大板厚来提高构件的整体水压承载力；在栓钉间距为400 mm时，其水压承载力达到38 kPa时发生节点焊缝强度破环，此类构件可增大节点焊缝强度来提高构件的整体水压承载力，研究结果为地下粮仓的防水设计提供参考。     

电动机前置和电动机后置潜水贯流泵装置水力性能比较

为了推动潜水贯流泵装置在低扬程泵站中的应用,提出了电动机前置的新型潜水贯流泵装置型式.基于某大型潜水贯流泵站的设计参数,分别设计了电动机前置和电动机后置2种型式的潜水贯流泵装置方案,采用数值模拟方法对这2种型式潜水贯流泵装置的三维流场分别进行数值计算和分析,预测泵装置的扬程和效率,并比较其水力性能和结构特点.结果表明:这2种型式潜水贯流泵装置的进水流道内水流收缩都平缓均匀、流线层次分明,电动机前置方案出水流道内水流扩散平缓且无旋涡或其他不良流态,电动机后置方案出水流道内主流偏向流道扩散段右下侧并在左上侧产生旋涡;电动机前置方案的流道水头损失小、泵装置效率高,水力性能优于电动机后置方案;电动机前置方案的潜水电动机密封更可靠、电动机支撑结构更合理、水泵导叶体的水力设计更成熟.潜水贯流泵装置应优先采用电动机前置方案.     

消防水炮主体弯管的绕转结构出口流态分析

采用标准k-ε湍流模型对180 mm管内径的3种绕转结构(传统回转、半回转、大回转)内部流动进行了数值模拟,对比和分析了水力损失和出口流态,其中出口流态参数包括平均湍动能、速度分布曲线和迪恩涡.结果表明:随着弯管曲率R/d的增大,3种形式的水炮主体的水力损失均减小,相同的R/d=1.4情况下传统回转结构具有最小的水力损失,半回转结构水力损失最大;绕转结构的出口速度分布曲线显示,管轴线附近速度低而速度峰值出现在靠近管壁附近,表明出口处流体带有旋转的特点;在R/d=1.4情况下,大回转结构形式的出口具有最小的平均湍动能值,出口流线具有一个顺时针方向的基本涡,与传统回转结构出口涡形态一致,涡量积分后得到的旋涡强度小于传统回转结构.大回转的绕转结构形式有利于后续水炮炮管和喷嘴内部流动.     

Evaluating the effect of biochar on salt leaching and nutrient retention of Yellow River Delta soil

Biochar has the potential to decrease salinity and nutrient loss of saline soil. We investigated the effects of biochar amendment (0–10 g kg⁻¹) on salinity of saline soil (2.8‰ salt) in NaCl leaching and nutrient retention by conducting column leaching experiments. The biochar was produced in situ from Salix fragilis L. via a fire-water coupled process. The soil columns irrigated with 15 cm of water showed that biochar amendment (4 g kg⁻¹) decreased the concentration Na⁺ by 25.55% in the first irrigation and to 60.30% for the second irrigation in sandy loam layer over the corresponding control (CK). Meanwhile, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil after the first and second irrigation was 1.62 and 0.54, respectively, which were 15.2% and 49.5% lower than CK. The marked increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) from 0.15 × 10^–5 cm s⁻¹ for CK to 0.39 × 10^–5 cm s⁻¹, following 4 g kg⁻¹ of biochar addition, was conducive to salt leaching. Besides, biochar use (4 g kg⁻¹) increased NH₄⁺-N and Olsen-P by 63.63% and 62.50% over the CK, but accelerated NO₃^–-N leaching. Since 15 cm hydrostatic pressure would result in salt accumulation of root zone, we would recommend using 4 g kg⁻¹ of biochar, 30 cm of water to ease the problem of salt leaching from the surface horizon to the subsoil. This study would provide a guidance to remediate the saline soil in the Yellow River Delta by judicious application of biochar and irrigation.